By Ethan B. Kapstein
Best Defense directorate of military-economic affairs
Will Afghanistan collapse after the departure of American
troops in 2013? That grim outcome appears all too likely. But the reason why
Afghanistan may be heading toward anarchy is not simply due to the Afghan National
Army's lack of military preparedness to fight an insurgency without foreign
support. Rather, some of the most challenging problems that the government must
face once the U.S. leaves will be economic.
Today, the United States and its allies provide the government of Afghanistan with the vast majority of its operating budget.
American taxpayers have not only built up schools, hospitals, government
ministries, and the Afghan National Army and police force; they have also
paid the salaries of those who man these institutions. Further, U.S. military
and foreign assistance operations in Afghanistan support many thousands of
soldiers, foreign aid workers, and contractors, who pump millions of dollars
into the local economy.
What will happen when the last Americans depart? If history
is any guide, "foreign assistance follows the flag," meaning that aid spending
will flee in the absence of a strong military presence. First, Americans will
inevitably lose interest in Afghanistan and redirect spending to the next
crisis zone; today, for example, the calamity in Syria is dominating the airwaves. Second, without American troops around to provide a modicum of security,
foreign aid workers will have no choice but to leave the country; they won't be
able to work in safety (and it shouldn't be forgotten that several hundred aid
workers have already been killed during the war). As a result of the American
withdrawal, both the motivation for aid spending and any possibility of
monitoring aid effectiveness will quickly disappear.
An abject lesson in how economics can shape a war zone is
provided by Vietnam. During the early 1970s, there were some glimmers of hope
in South Vietnam following the North's severe military defeat during the 1968
Tet offensive. The United States, however, had already grown tired of the war,
and the Nixon administration embarked upon a path of Vietnamization. As
America's military and economic commitment to Vietnam declined, the weak Saigon
government had no choice but to raise taxes and impose austerity measures.
These policies fueled popular opinion against the regime, helping smooth the
way for the North's successful invasion in 1975.
In preparing for its eventual departure from Afghanistan,
there is much the United States could have done on the economic front but has
tragically failed to implement. Incredibly, after more than ten years of war,
the U.S. has no free trade agreement with Kabul, inadvertently promoting
cross-border flows with Iran and Pakistan instead. Worse, these flows consist
largely of needed imports, since the U.S. has promoted a strong Afghan currency
that makes it near impossible to produce goods competitively within the
country. The lack of an export-oriented industry, in turn, means that
Afghanistan lacks a strong and forward-looking entrepreneurial class that could have served as a foundation for an anti-Taliban society; this is an
even greater shame when one recognizes the tremendous craftsmanship that Afghan
society is capable of in such sectors as woodworking and glassmaking.
The U.S. has also failed after more than a decade's presence
to help Afghanistan create a credible statistics agency or a system of
"national accounts" that would track how the government's money is being
spent. This lack of transparency, in turn, enables corrupt practices to
flourish. A cynic might think that America's failure to develop more robust
Afghan economic data has been one of commission rather than omission.
When the history of America's involvement in Afghanistan is
written, there will be much ink spilled over military strategy and tactics.
Analysts will debate whether the U.S. should have been more aggressive in
Pakistan or risked higher numbers of civilian casualties when taking the fight
to the Taliban. Less attention, sadly, will be paid to the economic policies
made in Washington and Kabul that were also instrumental in bringing about the
demise of the Afghan regime.
Ethan B. Kapstein teaches global
strategy at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, and is a nonresident senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security. A retired
naval officer, he has served as an academic advisor to the Counterinsurgency
Advisory and Assistance Team in Kabul. The opinions expressed in this piece are
strictly his own and do not reflect the views of any organization with which he
is or has been associated.
Read More
(30)
HIDE COMMENTS LOGIN OR REGISTER REPORT ABUSE