Friday, April 22, 2011 - 11:36 AM

Regular readers of this blog know that I have a lot of admiration for the work of David Ignatius -- both his columns and his novels.
So I was surprised to see his denunciation on the deployment of armed drones to Libya. He thinks that in the Arab world they have become a symbol of targeted assassination.
Perhaps so. But deploying them in Libya is a sign that the U.S. is not bugging out on its NATO allies nor on the Libyan rebels, who are Arabs.
Frankly, I am surprised it has taken the U.S. government so long to get the Predators over Libya. They should have been there on Day One. This is exactly the type of move that makes sense here: Putting U.S. assets into the operation in support of an intervention led by other members of NATO, but supported by the United States, especially in areas where the U.S. can offer unique capabilities, especially when U.S. aircrews are not endangered by the deployment.
In this case, I can see many more uses for drones than the assassination of Col. Qaddafi, which Ignatius figures is their likely use. We have seen Qaddafi's forces adapting to the presence of NATO aircraft overhead-for example, moving from tanks to pickup trucks. So closer observation is needed before striking. That requires getting down low, but that can sucker a NATO aircraft into getting hit. Drones are a good answer to this tactical problem. Likewise, they can get down under clouds in bad weather, taking away from Qaddafi's goods the advantage of attacking under overcasts. Plus, drones can "loiter" over a target, which helps both with observation and deterrence. They even can harass the foe-on exercises at the Army's National Training Center, I once was with an "opposition force" ambush team that crouched down warily when they head that lawnmower-like buzzing of a drone somewhere overhead. They hated that noise.
My question is, What took so long to make this move? I worry that the national security establishment -- the Pentagon, the CIA and even State Department-are slow-rolling this mission a bit, foot-dragging by "defining terms" and "seeking legal clarification." I know the military doesn't much like the Libyan intervention, and worries about mission creep. But they are supposed to follow legal orders. Part of this slow response probably has been President Obama's fault, because he was very cautious to act and then when he did, he emphasized U.S. minimalism. That sort of nuance runs contrary to U.S. national security culture, and so may have thrown some sand in the gears. Still, fellas, he is the president, so let's be careful about shirking. If your conscience can't take it, you know where the door is.
Meanwhile, here's an interesting take on Libya from retired Marine Col. Gary Anderson, who I think has appeared in all three of my non-fiction books.
And here is Sebastian Junger's meditation on the loss of his friend and Restrepo collaborator Tim Hetherington in Libya. Worth reading
This is an easy answer, there is a finite # of armed predators. Much smaller # of Ravens and Global Hawk. Every asset you put into Libya is something you pulled away from some place where we have troops engaged on ground. Americans will die because you took their eye in the sky away from them.
Bearcat, i think this is unnecessarily inflammatory
First, there are far fewer Americans in Iraq than there used to be, so I would bet there is a far smaller "requirement" for UAVs than in the past.
Second, there are tons of UAVs in the American inventory. I remember pilots telling me in Iraq that the biggest threat to them in Iraq was the sheer number of drones over Baghdad.
So I don't think putting 4 Predators over Libya really will change the military balance.
Btw, did you get your handle from the US base east of Long Binh Junction?
Best,
Tom
The requirement for Preds (or for ISR in general, since as you surely know, the requirement is for a specific capability, not for a platform) in Iraq is just as high as ever. Bearcat had it right that the numbers are finite. Moving Preds to EUCOM from CENTCOM (or from CONUS - not sure where these came from) takes time, coordination, and a refocusing of support assets, especially on the PED side and they most likely had to set up a brand-new LRE somewhere in EUCOM. These things don't run themselves. There are likely not enough blue suits to do it (check out your USAF drawdown stats!) so most likely it would have to be contracted...which takes more time and coordination.
We are back to sending signals
The problem here is that a handful of Predators available for Libya will not change the military balance that really matters, which is the one in Libya. The Predators are a signal to our allies that we are still behind them, and to the Libyan rebels that we are still behind them also.
That's all they are, and all they are meant to be. Predators were not deployed from the beginning of America's attack on Libyan government forces because they were not needed then as a signal. As this conflict goes forward, they will not be adequate as a signal; in a couple of weeks, the signal required will be American forces sent to extract French and British advisers to the Libyan rebels when those advisers start to take casualties. I expect the Americans sent to do this will all wear running shoes, to allow the Obama administration to maintain its position that we have no boots on the ground in Libya.
John McCain was only the latest of a long line of commentators to observe that military action only gets the attention of the American public when Americans are getting killed. They're not in Libya, not yet anyway, and with the American public preoccupied with the dismal economy the Obama administration is taking no risks with its Libyan policy as far as electoral politics are concerned. What it is doing is devoting time and effort to a military commitment in a third Muslim country at the expense of other world situations of greater importance to the United States -- and it's objective is not to end the commitment on terms favorable to American interests, but to send signals to everyone else that we are on their side.
Every criticism of wars fought on the cheap, wars begun without thought to how they would end, and wars embraced because they made sense to parties other than the United States -- in short, every criticism of the war in Iraq waged by the Bush administration -- applies to the intervention in Libya's civil war. Criticism of a war begun without the consent of Congress might be added as soon as Representatives and Senators send a signal that this matters to them.
Tell me again how are we are injured if the French do something? I'm as Francophobic as the next "red blooded American" but I don't see it. Let the French excel.
Anderson acts like the French are bleeding to death (in Libya) like the were at Verdun or Dien Bien Phu. There is a difference between a stalmate and a battle of attrition.
I think this is likely to be more like the French in Mexico; Maximillian, Battle of Puebla, Camerone Day. Lots of glory to be had by all.
Anderson thinks that the French doing something stupid is supposed to goad America into doing something stupid? What was the REASON again?
Availability of UAV's as a limiting factor
That's been reported in the recent past, but needn't be true. The development, purchase and deployment of UAV systems are inherently less restrictive, potentially more responsive than manned aircraft inventories.
If the small number of UAV's being detached for Libyan ops must be removed from AfPak or other critical missions, then a few more foot dragging desk bound USAF generals need to be taken out and shot.
From what I'm reading, the Pakistanis are currently curtailing Predator/UAV strikes on their territory. Even with UAV flying stock being restricted by hidebound strategic AF practices, there should be some slack in available capacity.
But since Bearcat raises the specter of US soldiers bleeding out on Afghanistan's plains, what's being done about the growing rotary lift and CAS shortfall?
Drones in the sky over Libya to target pro-Kaddafi forces and possibly also in hopes of catching Kaddafi himself amongst them? That wouldn’t be regime change if we rained down death from above on Kaddafi, but more in line with Obama saying Kaddafi had to go. . .never saying the guy couldn’t go out with a bang.
However, how would we identify the crazy Colonel? The guy changes his headgear and uniforms as much as our own Army does. . .just an observation. . .nothing against the Army.
Incidentally, just as napalm was seen as rib-sticking good once upon a time, has anyone ever noticed the odd thing with drone strikes is that wedding parties are always on the target list? Probably only a coincidence, like cyclones going together with trailer parks, etc. My advice to all Libyan young people is put of your marriage plans off for awhile.
Incidentally, it appears the Obama administration has decided to pony-up more than just drones. The President's national security team has decided that anti-Kaddafi forces should get in on some logistics in the form of 25 million's worth of non-lethal aid for items like binoculars, radios, rolling stock, and medical supplies, etc.
I’m not sure providing anything that supports armed opposition can be categorized as non-lethal in the end, because if today’s good guys actually need binoculars, it will be one less item they have to spend their own money on allowing them to acquire something something they really want. . .wait-a-minute, I thought evolution over ions of time had developed zarkaa al-yamama in the traditional Bedouin Arab stock? That is to say, far-sightedness. . .what’s with binoculars anyway?
There is a piece of the geo-political picture that Anderson mentions, but didn’t delve into: the French classe moyenne, the middle class, are unhappy with the Muslim immigrant population, as well as illegal’s in general. Sarkozy is lagging behind in the polls, far behind Le Pen whose platform addresses the issue of immigration among other social issues.
The French and the Italians have had an understanding with Kaddafi that he would keep his thumb on N. African immigration, but has now threatened should he fall, Mediterranean Europe will be flooded with immagrants and refugees.
Sarkozy’s reelection could very well hinge on keeping not only Libyan immigrants on Libyan soil, but the remittance workers from Tunisia and Egypt that have been uprooted and now have no means of income. A stalemate of any length of time will only exacerbate the immigration to the shores of France, and Italy, and it is something in my view that Sarkozy cannot tolerate if he is to be reelected for a second term
In additional to what Anderson has laid-out, the French have battled Kaddafi before and probably have a good feel for his order of battle. Further, the French have airfield infrastructure that they have turned over to Chad, outside N’djamena, that might be made available to them. . .maybe. Additionally, Italy has acquired several modern Boeing aerial refueling tankers not too long ago, and surely would make them available to France should the need arise.
Keep in min le Francais are on a role militarily at the moment in the Cote d’Ivoire and have 1,700 troops that no longer have a mission now that they’ve removed Laurent Gbagbo, much to the delight of the U.S.
Having said the foregoing and knowing a bit more about current, and not so distant French intervention, in my view, Anderson's piece has merit and shouldn't be discounted out of hand.
Side bar comment: I agree with David Ignatius that using the Predator may be a bad idea for the very same reasons he's put forward.
Kevin in SC, how is that possible?
I remember looking at the ISR charts for Sadr City in the spring of 2007. They were huge.
How could the ISR requirement for 47,000 Americans not in combat be the same as the ISR requirement for 150,000 troops in constant combat?
Best,
Tom
There is a distinction I failed to make: the demand for theater ISR (which is provided by MQ-1, etc) hasn't slackened any. The majority of ISR that was supporting the BCTs and whatnot was provided by the units themselves via Shadow, the tethered blimps, and that sort of thing, so that need went away with the units you refer to. The demand for MQ-1, MC-12, and that sort of thing is as high as it ever was, but it's for strategic intel and SOF-type missions. Iraqi-drawdown related ISR requirements are still very high. At the tactical level, you are absolutely correct that requirements have diminished, but it wasn't the Preds that were doing that mission in the first place, by and large.
David Ignatius column makes prefect sense to me. His words, “My quick reaction, as a journalist who has chronicled the growing use of drones, is that this extension to the Libyan theater is a mistake. It brings a weapon that has become for many Muslims a symbol of the arrogance of U.S. power into a theater next door to the Egyptian and Tunisian revolutions, the most promising events in a generation. It projects American power in the most negative possible way.” are spot on and Gates must really feel under pressure to condone this unnecessary move.
Predators have become an all too easy ‘non-solution’ to messy problems that in the long run will be seen to have been counter-productive. The use of such machines in the eyes of Afghans and Pakistanis seems indiscriminate and that their lives seemingly have no value to the Americans. And that legacy of wanton killing often in error will live long after we have thrown in the towel and left.
These UAV’s also have certainly not changed the equation in Afghanistan or Pakistan where their use is rapidly undermining our influence in those countries. The Taliban don’t seem to be nearly as disrupted and demoralized as we bluster that they are and ISAF keeps advertising. This gleeful parading of Predator strikes reminds me very much of a time forty years ago when MACVN trumpeted meaningless ‘body counts’ as signs of victory which besides being largely fabricated merely further enraged the Vietnamese civil population. While the Predator has a unique military contribution to play in our arsenal it has become a panacea weapon of false hope in a bad war and will not save us from our own bad strategy.
President Obama made it clear that we employed limited force to establish a no fly zone to protect Libyan rebels from airstrikes. Mission accomplished.
So why deploy Predators Mr. Ricks? Are you suggesting that Obama is a liar, and that NATO's goal is the conquest of yet another oil rich Arab nation?
Egypt is the arab worlds center of gravity-the egyptian revolution needs to be americas primary focus of effort and resources especially diplomatic,mil to mil, NGO and intelligence. France and Britan can deal with Libya and the Magreb for now, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Council can work the Yemen,Bahrain problem- they are anyway despite any problems we may have with their tactics. Our military assets need to be focused on Afganistan and Pakistan where the Salafi active combat forces are homebased. Egypt however will determined whether their is a sea change in the arab worlds political world view and dynamic, lets not take our eye off the ball again!
Tom,
You bring up a good point that merits further discussion about the military establishment dragging their heels on the Libyan mission. I've noticed this assertion by you in at least one other post. Although those decisons take place stratospheres above my level, my take on it is that they (DOD, CIA,, etc..) are just trying to get it right. At least I hope that's the case. I don't think that I am naive. I have witnessed first hand the political intrigue (perhaps "political maneuvering" is a more appropriate term) that services can resort to in an effort to protect their interest. The Osprey, EFV, and JSF come to mind. I don't believe that this is the case in Libya though.
As you well know, poorly defined objectives lead to poorly planned and resourced campaigns which can lead to the sort of ambiguity that continues to haunt us in Afghanistan. The costs of ambiguity in military operations is usually some kid's blood. And yes, we have a ton of resources but we still can't afford to squander them feeling around in the dark for the right course of action. Especially when we are fighting multiple conflicts and still have to be prepared for anything else that might pop up (Haiti, Japan, N. Korea, etc....). Who would have anticpated Libya six months ago?
I've spent the better part of a year studying, through the lens of military history, when those connections between ends, ways, and means were clearly deliniated prior to a conflict beginning and when they were afterthoughts relative to when the shooting started. As you might imagine, the majority of conflicts (at least the ones that we studyat SAW) are of the latter variety and the costs associated with those are usually higher in terms of wasted lives and squandered political capital. At the risk of sounding like the newly converted, I am glad that someone in uniform is asking policy makers important questions about definitions, objectives, limitations and any other relevant items of importance to planning and executing military operations in support of national policy. I would much rather see that taking place at senior levels than see a succession of Yes men who dive in headfirst without really having a sense of what's under the surface because they are compelled to do so by a sense of duty. Obedience should be tempered with understanding, or least an attempt to do so. You are correct though that after all attempts have been made to understand intent, in the end it is obey or avoid the door hitting you in the rear on the way out.
That brings up a related topic whose details are probably better left for another post but.....I will say that the 26 field grade officers who are in school with me this year had varying takes on the article in JFQ earlier in the year about Officer dissent and the discussion that Richard Kohn's response generated on your blog. The majority opinion was that dissent in the form of resignation is not a viable alternative because someone else will just take up the cause before your seat gets cold. So you may just as well remain at the helm and try to mitigate bad policy as best as you can so that the effects on the average LCpl are as minimal as you can make them. I am still pondering whether this is just a well justified excuse for careerism or if there is genuine merit to this approach. I also wonder if an officer who decides to stay on in light of fundamental disagreements with the policy that he/she is being ordered to carry out can really carry it out to the best of their ability. I know in a perfect world profesionalism dictates that they do but I am also a realist and observe on a regular basis occasions where human nature heavily impacts an individual officer's concept of professionalism. The implimentation of DADT within the services comes to mind as the most recent, ongoing, example.
One final point. I do tend to believe that if you see voting with your feet as a non-viable option as a field grade then you probably haven't changed your mind much when you're wearing a star somewhere down the road. What would the political impact be of a Gen Petraus or a Gen Mattis resigning because of a disagreement over the disparity between what the military is being asked to do and the resources allocated to accomplish the mission?
This is a thoughtful comment--thank you.
"The majority opinion was that dissent in the form of resignation is not a viable alternative because someone else will just take up the cause before your seat gets cold." This reminds me a lot of the oral histories of Vietnam generals that I have been reading for the last couple of months. Why do officers have so little faith in their comrades? If they see something as so wrong that it requires them to retire, won't others see the same thing?
This was, most notably, the reason given by Harold K. Johnson for not stepping down when he deeply disagreed with President Johnson over the conduct of the war in Vietnam. But imagine if he had retired, and the vice chief had too, and so on. The war might have been different. We'll never know.
Best,
Tom
"Why do officers have so little faith in their comrades? If they see something as so wrong that it requires them to retire, won't others see the same thing?" - Tom
I think that one answer to those questions can be found in an examination of organizational culture and a cursory understanding of personality types. Overwhelmingly, in field grade ranks and above, the US military is almost exclusively made up of a single personality type. Using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator designation, because it is the most widely accepted, this personality is the ISTJ. ISTJs can be descibed as:
" Quiet, serious, earn success by thoroughness and dependability. Practical, matter-of-fact, realistic, and responsible. Decide logically what should be done and work toward it steadily, regardless of distractions. Take pleasure in making everything orderly and organized – their work, their home, their life. Value traditions and loyalty."
Sounds like a description of the ideal service academy applicant, right? All great qualities to have in a military organization...... except when the organization is required to adapt rapidly in uncertain environments, think outside of the organizational boundaries, or go against the organizational grain in any way.
In researching this issue for a paper, I was able to find some evidence which indicated that at the entry level for officers there is a broader personality type spread than you will find at senior levels, although the ISTJs are still the majority. Makes sense when you think about what type of person is attracted to military service. There are, however, a fair amount of representatives of other types. That's important because having a broad spectrum of personality types tends to widen the organizational perspective and create a more balanced organization, just like any other type of diversification (racial, ethnic, gender, etc..) does. Take the dynamic between ISTJs and ENTJs for example. ENTJs can be described as:
"Frank, decisive, assume leadership readily. Quickly see illogical and inefficient procedures and policies, develop and implement comprehensive systems to solve organizational problems. Enjoy long-term planning and goal setting. Usually well informed, well read, enjoy expanding their knowledge and passing it on to others. Forceful in presenting their ideas."
ENTJs provide a great sanity check for the ISTJs and in many ways embody the kind of thinking that offsets the "check in the box mentality" that can be pervasive in ISTJs. Conversely, ISTJs can apply some structure and efficiency to the conceptual ideas that ENTJs tend to have. ENTJs are also generally more accepting of risks than ISTJs. Understanding the risk aversion you find in INTJs is hugely important in understanding the aversion to change you find in military organizations. Risk is inherent in change and that risk creats a lot of anxiety in an ISTJ led organization which in turn leads to institutional resistance to change. Change can be messy and disorderly and those are adjectives that ISTJs abhore. These are but a few of many examples which demonstrate the value of personality diversity to an organization.
So what happens to the outliers in the long run? Essentially, they are either forced out for not fitting the mold or they resign as junior officers because they eventually get tired of rolling the rock up hill. So what you have in the end is an organization whose senior members all tend to think alike and who value the same things. And, of course, those are also the guys who are writing reviewing officer comments on fitness reports and sitting on the promotion boards. The organization promotes itself and the cycle continues. Of course there are exceptions but they are few and they typically cause the organizational leadership some anxiety. Gen Mattis, perhaps?
Sounds drab, but there is hope. At least historically there is a basis for hope. A military organization in sustained combat has in the past provided a great context for relieving or reassigning those officers who might be able administrators but not flexible enough of thought to make effective commanders. Actually, that's only partially accurate because at senior levels, the driver for change is not the institution itself but is almost always brought about by civilians. Same with large shifts in organizational practices. The exception being the rare case when a commander is strong enough to recognize the need for change and to impliment it in his own organization. For clarification's sake, I'm not talking about routine, adminstrative changes that enhance efficiency within the existing system. I referring to a fundamental change to organizational culture. General Al Gray's implimentation of Maneuver Warfare as a philosophy in the USMC comes to mind as a great example.
If you care to read old Marine Corps Gazzette articles from that time period or peruse the digital archives of the Marine Corps University for student papers of that period, you will see that there was a ton of institutional resistance to adopting MW as the foundational doctrine in the USMC. Fortunately, Gen Gray was a forceful enough personality to push it through. Furthermore, he and the other MW advocates were smart enough to know that the best way to introduce radical change to an organization is by disguising it as something that people are already familiar with. That's why you will see articles and papers from that time period written by MW proponents arguing that MW was nothing new and that we had really been doing it all along. We're just giving it a name now.
Unfortunately, I am not convinced that the threat to national security posed by our current conflicts is enough (or is understood to be enough) to warrant the kind of restructuring that has occured in the past. There appears to be no real perception of crisis. It doesn't seem that there's been a lot of people getting fired in the last ten years unless it's for financial, ethical or moral transgressions (or hanging out with Rolling Stone correspondents). Perhaps when you don't have clearly defined objectives then it's a little hard to hold people accountable for a lack of progress.
So, to answer the orginal questions more succinctly. I think that when you have an organization whose upper echelons are made up almost exclusively of people who tend to think a lot alike, who place an extraordinarily high value on tradition and loyalty, and who get very anxious about the risks and general disorder associated with change, you should not be surprised when there's a lack of people willing to go against the organization by falling on their sword to make a point. In my opinion, most of the folks for whom that is an option have already executed it after deciding at some point that they are tired of swimming upstream. Again in my opinion, with them goes our best shot for creating a more balanced worldview at senior levels of the military. One which would recognize that resigning on grounds of principle is not disloyal and not necessarily an execise in futility.
(16)
HIDE COMMENTS LOGIN OR REGISTER REPORT ABUSE