Posted By Thomas E. Ricks Share

Johns Hopkins strategic guru and former Condi consigliore Eliot Cohen, who inexplicably has been neglected by Great Satan's Girlfriend, helpfully rounded up some recent works on counterinsurgency in the Washington Post the other day.

Here are the highlights:

--James Arnold's "Jungle of Snakes" is useful to learn the fundamentals, competently summarizing past counterinsurgency campaigns in the Philippines, Algeria, Malaya and Vietnam, but offering few striking insights. Read it if you want to learn the basics of the American CORDS (Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support) program in Vietnam, for example, or learn who tortured whom in the Battle of Algiers.

--Rand Corp. has recently released its own COIN study, "Reconstruction Under Fire." ... [T]his new book typifies much of the contemporary Rand product: brief, lots of bullets and diagrams, thumbnail sketches of conflicts, and a conclusion pleading for further research.

--David Ucko's "The New Counterinsurgency Era" is a dense, scholarly and useful work on how the American military adapted to counterinsurgency during the Iraq war, both on the ground and in the classrooms of Fort Leavenworth, where most of the Army's thinking gets done. The book captures the Army's self-inflicted amnesia about counterinsurgency in the wake of Vietnam and the difficult steps needed to relearn old lessons.

--Mark Moyar's "A Question of Command" . . . reminds us that it takes a special kind of soldier -- reflective, patient, creative -- to lead counterinsurgency operations.

--Todd Greentree, the author of "Crossroads of Intervention," is an active diplomat who . . . weaves together personal knowledge and scholarly study and reminds us of forgotten conflicts in Central America that still have much teach us about small wars. As miserably unpopular as the Salvadoran conflict was, and as doomed as many considered the U.S. effort there, it succeeded in defeating a communist insurgency that once stood on the verge of success.

--The balanced and well-researched "Vietnam Declassified" by Thomas Ahern, a former CIA operations officer, describes the agency's role in Vietnam. But, like so much history of that war, it barely deals with the Vietnamese; it's all about us. And herein lies the greatest weakness of the COIN literature: It often lacks deep knowledge of the other side.

I like what Cohen has to say here. In particular, I think Rand Corp. especially needs to wake up. Sometimes it produces good work, but generally it just hits the bullseye for predictable mediocrity. I suppose someone has to give the Pentagon what it needs to hear, but what a dismal way to spend a career...

 

PETE

8:55 PM ET

December 8, 2009

From "Obama's Ode to Ambivalence"

From a comment on Sunday to last Wednesday's piece on "Obama's Ode to Ambivalence":

"In defense intellectual terms, this homily was written for Andrew Bacevich and Richard Kohn, not for Eliot Cohen and Tom Donnelly and Peter Feaver, to name a few of the usual suspects."

Uh-oh, Tom must have pissed off Eliot Cohen because today the good doctor's revenge is to have an article about counterinsurgency in the Outlook section of the Post!

 

GRANT

9:20 PM ET

December 8, 2009

When glancing through 'Jungle

When glancing through 'Jungle of Snakes' I realized that I could read five different books and still find all of the themes as in this. I think the room for originality and depth of research in counterinsurgency is running out.

 

PETE

9:42 PM ET

December 8, 2009

Small Wars Doctrine

There is no one "Bible" on counterinsurgency, any more than there is a single source book on combined arms operations. In the years since 1945 we have barely scratched the surface on all that could be said about counterinsurgency operations. The old Field Manual 100-5, Operations, was periodically updated, as is its successor, FM 3-0. Future editions of the operations manual will have to cover "the full spectrum," to coin a phrase.

It is more than a little ironic that from 1863 to 1865 Lt. Col. John S. Mosby's 43rd Battalion of Partisan Rangers kept what are now the Virginia suburbs of Washington DC in a constant state of turmoil, yet little is said about it outside of historical circles. Similar lessons can also be found in the Indian Wars and in the Philippine Insurrection.

 

TYRTAIOS

10:39 PM ET

December 8, 2009

Reinventing the wheel

Barely scratched the surface? I think had you read the Marine Corps Small Wars Manual, written in 1949 (recently updated), you could have found a very good primer on low intensity warfare and counter-insurgency, gleaned from years of experience by the Corps' experiences throughout the Banana Wars.

We were trying to practice this behind Gen. Westmoreland's back (perhaps I overstate) in I Corps, Vietnam, with the Corps' Combined Action Program.

 

PETE

11:07 PM ET

December 8, 2009

True, but ...

The USMC Small Wars Manual is indeed a classic text, but neither it nor Field Manual 3-24 should be construed as being the last word on the subject. Look at all that's been written on combined arms operations in the years since 1918.

 

TYRTAIOS

12:15 AM ET

December 9, 2009

Nothing locked in stone

In the Christian scriptures, Luke wrote, "your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams." A master of logistics, Senior General Vo Nguyen Giap lived long enough to do both.

We have no serving masters of warfare that can say that, do we? If I'm correct, then why would anyone expect that anything written is anything close to perfection or in other words - definiive? :)

 

PETE

2:20 AM ET

December 9, 2009

Getting It Right

"I am tempted indeed to declare dogmatically that whatever doctrine the armed forces are working on now, they have got it wrong. I am also tempted to declare that it does not matter that they have got it wrong. What does matter is their capacity to get it right quickly when the moment arrives."

--Sir Michael Howard, "Military Science in an Age of Peace," Royal United Services Institute Journal, March 1974

 

HUCK T

1:57 AM ET

December 9, 2009

El Salvador

I have not yet had the chance to read Greentree's book (and I reserve the right to change my mind depending on his evidence) - but Cohen's characterization of El Salvador smells like more NeoCon mythology. I find it hard to take him - or anyone else who wears a bow tie - seriously, but the notion that El Salvador was a successful counterinsurgency seems silly in light of the facts as I understand them.

1. The conflict in El Salvador was a civil war, not simply an insurgency. The government in San Salvador was for much of the conflict a military dictatorship operating, for the most part, with the approval of the Fourteen Families that ruled the country.

2. The FMLN was an umbrella organization, and while it certainly contained many Marxist elements, it was not simply "Communist". This akin to saying that every Iraqi fighting the US occupation was/is an "Islamofascist." Which is to say it is untrue.

3. While it is true that the FMLN never took over the country, they were also never defeated. They agreed to a cease-fire brokered by the UN, and then turned to electoral politics. Had they been allowed this sort of participation i the first place, it is likely they would have never taken up arms. One of their members, Mauricio Funes, is now President of the country.

4. The US-backed government never won hearts and minds or established security in all parts of the country, but instead ruled through a policy of state-sponsored terror : death squads, summary executions, torture.

5. What manner of success? Even granting that the SOA and the CIA and the SF aided in preventing the fall of the government, the war produced second, third and fourth order consequences that persist to this day, most importantly refugees. Over half a million reached the US, where the vast majority could not be given asylum due to US support of the San Salvador government. Some of these refugees adopted the American practice of organized crime and formed street gangs. These gangs - MS-13 is the largest - remain active across the US and have an overwhelming presence in much of El Salvador.

When I consider the course steered by the Sandinistas in Nicaragua (which involved observing election results -something that, as "Communists," they were not supposed to be able to do), I wonder whether an FMLN victory in '81 might, in the long run, have been a better outcome, both for El Salvador and for the region. Certainly MS-13 has killed more American citizens on American soil than all the leftist governments in Latin America combined.

 

PETE

5:54 AM ET

December 10, 2009

Engagement Near Annandale

Loudoun Co., October 19, 1863

GENERAL: I did not receive your letter of instructions until late last Tuesday night, on my return from an expedition below.

I collected as many men as I could at so short notice, and on Thursday, 15th, came down into Fairfax, where I have been operating ever since in the enemy's rear.

I have captured over 100 horses and mules, several wagons loaded with valuable stores, and between 75 and 100 prisoners, arms, equipments, etc. Among the prisoners were 5 captains and 1 lieutenant.

I had a sharp skirmish yesterday with double my number of cavalry near Annandale, in which I routed them, capturing the captain commanding, 6 or 7 men and horses. I have so far sustained no loss. It has been my object to detain the troops that are occupying Fairfax, by annoying their communications and preventing them from operating in front. Yesterday two divisions left Centreville and went into camp at Fox's Mill. There are three regiments of cavalry at Vienna. I contemplate attacking a cavalry camp at Falls Church to-morrow night.

Respectfully, your obedient servant,
JNO. S. MOSBY, Major

[Endorsement]

HDQRS, CAVALRY CORPS, ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA
October 26, 1863

Respectfully forwarded.

Major Mosby and command continue to do splendid service.

J.E.B. STUART, Major-General

Source: The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series 1, Volume 29, Part 1, pp 492-493

 

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December 11, 2009

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Thomas E. Ricks covered the U.S. military for the Washington Post from 2000 through 2008.

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